Evolution of Heroism: Comparing Qualities of Ancient Heroes Versus Mod

Heroes are prevalent in everyone’s life. Whether someone’s hero is a living person or a fabled character from a movie, everybody has come into contact with some sort of hero. In fact, the concept of heroes has existed for hundreds of years, dating all the way back to Ancient Greece. However, heroes have not always been people who dress up in costumes and fight crime, as our current society would lead us to believe. No, heroes started out differently and have evolved throughout the centuries. Heroes generally reflect the ideals of their society, and while they are not perfect, they demonstrate the qualities and traits valued by their society. Heroes have always possessed distinguishing qualities, but these traits and qualities have changed drastically over time. The Greek definition of a hero is far removed from the Romantic and modern definitions of heroes. Early heroes were characterized by extraordinary physical ability and incredible battle skills, whereas contempora ry heroes rely on intellectual ability and their rebellious nature. Specifically, the original Greek heroes had god-like physiques and were deadly and unstoppable warriors. One of the most prominent Greek heroes, Odysseus, demonstrates these qualities in Homer’s epic poem The Odyssey. Odysseus first displays his inhuman strength in the cave of Polyphemus, the Cyclops. His men prepare a large olive stake to thrust it into Polyphemus’ eye and Odysseus â€Å"drives his weight on [the olive stake] from above and bores it† (Homer, 223) in, an astounding feat of which only Odysseus is capable. Odysseus demonstrates his physical dominance again when he escapes the whirlpool Charybdis by â€Å"springing for the great fig tree† above and then escapes from Charybdis need I say/high... ...he example of each (smart for equality, fighting social boundaries for jane) but now that you say both do that (which is true for the most part) after â€Å"mentally brilliant† such as Equality and Jane, and fight their social boundaries as opposed to physical armies and foes. In Greek society, those who were fearless and muscular fighters were the ones that were honored and praised, comma needed but in modern society, people who are exceptionally bright and courageous can become honorable heroes. A perfect example of a modern hero is Barack Obama. Barack is extremely intelligent, as this is required of any president to run a country. He is the first African-American president, an act rebellious against the normal customs of American presidents. He cannot defeat an entire army of suitors by himself, but he has used his courage and intelligence to become a hero for many.

Health and Social Care Essay

Introduction Social policy refers to the issue of addressing the needs of the society by the state. It takes care of the welfare aspects of the people that are based on some strategies, ideologies, regulation and undertakings. This phenomenon has reached a global scale nowadays. Social policy has now a wider span and has expanded its horizon to enhance the welfare of the general people. Marshall (1950) devised the idea of social citizenship that paved the way to the welfare provisions. These rights were focused on the economic independence and a minimum standard of life for the citizen. Health is now considered something beyond the physical aspect. It has mental, psychological, social implications. Health and welfare are the result of some sophisticated relations of socio-economic issues and the sufficiency of amenities provided (Atkinson et al., 2001). The existing social and health care system was actually established in 1948 the formation of which started before the Second World War. It got a new dimension in the later part of the century where the community took the roles of the institutes and the control shifted to the private sectors. Though it has some loopholes during the course, it has gone through several significant changes. This study will discuss the important landmarks in the history of UK social policy and provisions along with a critical evaluation and the recent achievements in this regard. It will also focus on the factors behind the formation of the policies and their impact on the service users. Task 1 – historical and CONTEMPORARY LANDMARKS in social welfare provision 1.1 historical and CONTEMPORARY LANDMARKS in social policy Prior to and during the Second World War The Poor law was the sole social care facility that was provided prior to the Second World War which basically focused on the senior citizen and the incapacitated. It made it mandatory for each community to give benefit in the form of less charge for the deprived class. This law was later renamed into Public Assistance which was the result of Local Government Act, 1929. Subsequently, the facilities were open for everyone irrespective of disability and were applicable for people who did not have the money to pay for health care. (Pat Thane, 2009) The Disabled Person’s Employment Act, 1944 made it mandatory for the companies to give jobs to people included in Disabled Persons Register which should be minimum three percent of their employment. (Barnes, 1991) The National Association for Mental Health was later established in 1946 which had a movement for improved facility for the mentally disabled patients. National Health Service and the National Assistance Board The Poor law was terminated with the introduction of the National Assistance (NA) Act in 1946 which came into practice two years later. National Assistance Board (NAB) came into existence with the advent of this particular act. National Health Service took the hospitals under them which also came into being in the same year as NAB. NAB was later substituted by the Supplementary Benefits which merged with the Department of Health and Social Security in the year 1968. (Burt et al., 2003) After the Second World War The Mental Health Act came into being in 1959 that targeted to give the mentally disabled people a space in the society. It was the contribution of The National Assistance Act 1948, amended in 1962 that gave incentive to the native authorities to facilitate the senior citizen and people with disability with food, pastime facilities and to chalk out a decade long plan to enable them to stay in their respective residents for a period according to their will. (Pat Thane, 2009) In1968, Health Services and Public Health Act took the services to the senior citizens the and the people with disability to another level by offering extensive services like washing,  stewards, recreation and help in their home. (Bauld et al., 2005) In order to facilitate a social service division in every community, the Local Authority Social Services Act came into being in 1970. This was aimed at establishing a system where there is a collaborative and wide ranging arrangement for the entire social care system that will address the issues of people and give assistance to them who are in need of them. This division was given the duty of domestic aid, housing, food and entertainment facilities. The native authorities were made bound to make a catalogue of the incapacitated people and the services were to be exposed to the common mass. Invalidity Benefit came into existence in 1971which was later modified three years later which had the provision for Invalid Care Allowance In order to provide assistance to the people who wants to take the service of the local provider or a provider of their own choice of healthcare instead of the hospitals, District Health Authorities were given the authority in 1983 to give more finance to those people. In order to take care of the issue of make advancements in the service of the senior citizens and the people with disability, a series of papers addressed these issues to facilitate an improved service to the public. (Pat Thane, 2009) In an attempt to give more effort to the service to the people with disability, Disabled Persons Representation Act, 1986 was introduced so that they are taken into consideration more than before during the policy formulation. It gave the local bodies the duty to evaluate the requirement of the people with disability in terms of the social service and take care of these needs and let them know about the offers and facilities the local bodies are going to provide. (Daunt, 1992) In 1996, the Community Care Act was implemented to facilitate the people in need of social service with the und so that they can pay for the services. There are several another acts that were introduced to enhance the social care to the UK people; they are the following: Carers (Recognition and Services) Act, 1995 Mental Health (Patients in the Community) Act, 1995 Disability Discrimination Act, 1995 Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Special Educational Needs and Disability Act, 200 Private Hire Vehicle Act, 2002 Disability Discrimination Act (amended) 2005 Disability Equality Duty (DED), 2006 Welfare Reform Act 2007 1.2 factors influencing the development of policy & legislations The provisions regarding healthcare and welfare are mainly designed to provide the people with the economic assurance in case of any illness, disease, aging or lack of financial crisis due to the lack of a job. There are several types of allowance which is provided when a person is ill or out of job which are backed up by the insurance arrangements of the state. In the period after Second World War the state was more e focused on giving jobs to everyone. It was supported by the free education system and academic allowances. The prime attention of that period was basically the fund to the domestic arena, healthcare all around the country and obviously jobs to everyone. The employers and the government word collaboratively in this regard. task 2 – origins of social policies 2.1 PROCESS in key Health and Social Policy legalization The act is often preceded by a bill. The health related bills are presented in front of the parliament. Health and social policies are basically the activities and steps taken by the state to achieve a certain result in the national health scenario. The entire arrangement and structure of the health sector is deeply influenced by the act and legislation. These procure of formulating the policies may vary in nature. The place for the policy formulation and structure along with the attributes of the strategy has implication in the development of these acts. The whole procedure of policy formulation and implementation needs to be apprehended properly so that it  become convenient to make use of the resources and bring significant modifications in the healthcare provisions. These processes have number of stages. It starts with the design of the policy. In tis frost stage, lots of insights and information regarding the need of the service receivers are received. It takes into consideration the intention and the expected results are determined and according to them the appropriate steps are taken to make sure the required inputs are arranged. Secondly, the designed policy is practically applied by speeding the policy. It takes active measures to execute the policy. The final stage includes assessment and adjustment where the policies are scrutinized and modified according to the need of the situation. 2.2 INFLUENTIAL factors behind a parliamentary act Health and social welfare related issues are fundamentally influence by the people themselves. But the policy and parliamentary act are also affected by the assessment and the understanding and decision of the people concerned with the policy formation. There is also the consideration of the limitation of resources. In addition, the thinking process and the principals have a role to play. These policy makers have their own set of view and philosophies that are influenced by their allegiance to their respective parties (Ungerson, 1997). There are various modes of accomplishing the policies which can be customary or contemporary. There is also pressure from the activists and communities. Unexpected situations and likelihoods of events also play a role in the policy making process in the health care and social policy which may result in a very unscrupulous decisions and polices. (Spanswick, 2003) 2.3 the impact of the Act on service users The health and social care acts have positive effect throughout the UK history. These acts have helped to give people access to their fundamental right of health care, specially the older generation and the disabled people. (Foster et al., 2001) It has given the UK healthcare and welfare a solid structure. Health acre and social care had been two isolated entities, courtesy of the acts. But tis disintegration created a problem of lack of coordination. This disintegration was done in terms of the strategies and control of the bodies but they have been integrated to better serve the people. 2.4 POLITICAL leaders’ contriburion on policies Political leaders have vital contribution in helping the country recover from the adversities and downturn in the economy that resulted from the havoc of the Second World War. They help made the legislations to bring major changes in the social policies that had a foundation that predates the war. These politicians help pass the Health Act 2009 that aimed to take the National health Service to an advanced level to provide better facilities and service to the common mass.. In 2008 they passed Health and Social Care Act that had a vital contribution in revolutionizing and incorporating health and social care. The 2006 Health Act came up with the regulation that prevented public smoking and set the age restriction for smokers that was applicable to the seller of tobacco products. It also took care of the management of the medication and observation of transactions with pharmaceutical goods. (Hochschild, 1995) 2.5 improving the CARE WITH the on-going policy changes The policies that are concerned with the people’s welfare are always vulnerable to adjustments and amendments. Any vital change requires a lot deliberation and it has the risk of producing debate. The Medicare Program, introduced in 1965, has seen much modification since its inception which has helped the public to have access to better services. Further elective packages have been introduced by the authority to add to the convenience of people. (Alber, 1995) Task 3 – impact of social policies on users of health and social care services 3.1: contemporary policy developments and implementation The healthcare authorities and the social care bodies make sure everyone is treated with equality regarding the services. The strategy and regulation is designed in such a way that ensures service receivers get the service  maintaining their freedom and self-esteem. The state does its best to offer the widest range of services. They disseminate information to the public about the heath related issues and they also inform about the nourishing ingredients of a meal. Through the various programs, people are encouraged to maintain a healthy lifestyle and children are imparted education. About the health related issues. There are many joint venture sin the health and social care sector they provide employment along with the measures to improve the social care sector and take care of issues like health discriminations, infant health and adolescence health, health of senior citizens and so on. (Mason and Smith, 2005) 3.2 Measuring the impact of policy initiatives on service users There are lots of evaluation methods that are being followed by the USA government to ensure the effectiveness and the efficiency of providing services to the service users. Evidence based policy making is one of the major force for the best quality policy appraisal in the U.K. This policy making systems require policy maker and implement authority of all of these policy to utilize and use the information from different source including evaluation of the past rules and policy, statistics data, academic report and researches, economics rules and theories, national statistics, consultation with expert or agents etc. even the public expenditure, expending and the taxation also take part in this process. The UK Government has already undertaken, and also they are presently undertaking some random proscribed trials of policy steps. 3.3 the impact of a specific policy At 1999, The NSF or The National Service Framework for the mental health published. It is it is the central element for the working age adults regarding the policy of government. Beside this, this is plan or program for ten years improvement of the metal health care in UK. This NSF also described how this policy, system and the improvement will happen and the evidence relating this also given in NSF (CSIP/NIMHE, 2007). Though NSF is focusing on the decreasing of the smoke rate among people but it is not a  comprehensive or massive activity of improving health care like general health acre. Eight different pilot studies on the subject of improvement of the physical health care have been studied by the public health committee of the English strategy. (Beecham, 2005) 3.4 policies in improving the quality of life Policies can play a virtual role in the improvement of the service user’s quality of the life. Participating interest group like patient organization is very effective in this regard. The focus was later concentrated in the cut down of taxes, the reduction of interference by the government and the reduction in the government expenditure in 1975. But it had to take some portion out of the welfare budget. Currently, the state is more focused on providing people with employment rather than providing them with abundant allowances and benefits. There have been many regulation and law which are introduced to address the issues of labor, healthcare and social care nowadays. (Gulliford and Morgan, 2003) Task 4 – Recent developments in health and social care policy 4.1 recent development in health and social care policy It deals with many different things like voluntary sectors in welfare, the role or the part of religion etc. Also it deals with free worldwide secondary education and many more. Indigence is one of the primary causes of sickness. The poor and broken law authority started to evaluate hospitals for the sick people. Health and social care policy deals with the rules and the policies, system regarding people welfare state. Most of the average report founded on three assumptions which is health services, family allowance and full employment. Beside all of these things current period achievement is the pensions, insurance, tax credits, supplement to the family income etc. All of these this is the implement of current era of time. It also deals with the health and social care initiatives, social and labor inclusions, important legislation initiative, and rights etc. The announcement done by the Peter Lilley will help get the harmony to the benefit system. These mainly decrease the dependenc y of the benefit by helping the person or people in their work. (Judge, and Bauld, 2006) 4.2 the  differences in formation and adaption At this 29th century the social and the health care system policies initiative reached the rural and far areas of the United Kingdom. The main goal of this initiative of the health and social care is to provide the health and social care services to the society for the wellbeing of the society without considering the financial condition of the people. The main goal of this initiative is to provide state edification, pension and the universal health care to the citizen of the country. Similar to Japan the heath care of USA is being dominated and maintained and controlled by the different kind of insurance scheme=where state do not play any part. Social and health care is a contract between the individual citizen and the government in Scotland. But it’s straight forward in English policy where government ensures the commitment to give better health and social service rather than improving the policy itself. So it is more effective for the citizen of the country. This is a genera l contract between the service user or the citizen and the government service providers. Conclsuion The main focus of the healthcare and social care has been the equality of access recently. All the acts and polices are aimed at proving people with the most fundamental services and making sure that no one gets deprived (Exworthy et al.,2003). The undertaking of the major policy matters has been done in collaboration and various bodies across the state and government have put a lot of effort to take the healthcare and social care to a new dimension. Reference Alber, J. (1995). ‘A Framework for the Comparative Study of Social Service’s’, Journal of European Social Policy 5 (2): 131–49. Atkinson, M. et al. (2001) Systematic review of ethnicity and health service access for London. University of Warwick: Warwick. Bauld, L. et al. (2005) Promoting social change: the experience of health action zones in England. Journal of Social Policy 34 (3):427-445. Barnes, C. (1991) Disabled People in Britain and Discrimination: A Case for Anti-Discrimination Legislation, Hurst and Co in association with the British Council of Organizations of Disabled People, London. Beecham, J. (2005) Access to mental health supports in England: crisis resolution teams and day services. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28: 574-587. Burt, J. et al. (2003) The relationship between use of NHS Direct and deprivation in southeast London: an ecological analysis. Journal of Public Health Medicine 25 (2):174-176. CSIP/NIMHE (2007) Mental Health: New Ways of Working for Everyone. Progress Report 280692, Department of Health: London. Daunt, P. (1992) Meeting Disability: A European Perspective, Cassell Education, London. Exworthy, M. et al. (2003) Tackling health inequalities in the United Kingdom: the progress and pitfalls of policy. Health Services Research 38(6, pt 2): 1905-1921. Foster, J. et al. (2001) A qualitative study of older people’s views of out-of-hours services. British Journal of General Practice 51 (470): 719-723. Gulliford, M. and Morgan, M. (2003) Access to Health Care. Routledge: London. Hochschild, A. R. (1995). ‘The Culture of Politics: Traditional, Post-modern, Coldmodern, and Warm-modern Ideals of Care’, Social Politics 2 (3): 331–45. Judge, K. and Bauld, L. (2006) Learning from policy failure? Health action zones in England. European Journal of Public Health 16 (4):341-3. Marshall, T. H. (1950) Citizenship and Social Class. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Mason, A. and Smith, P.C. (2005) Description of the Benefit Basket, England. Report prepared for the HealthBASKET project, funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Research Programme Spanswick, M. (2003) Access to health care: vulnerable groups in society. In: Public Health and Society, Ungerson, C. (ed.) (1997), ‘Social Politics and the Commodification of Care’, Social Politics 4 (3): 362–82 Thane P.(2009). History and Policy. MEMORANDUM SUBMITTED TO THE HOUSE OF COMMONS’ HEALTH COMMITTEE INQUIRY: SOCIAL CARE. 67 (1): 140-145

History And Geography Of Mexico - 851 Words

â€Å"Culture is defined as a learned meaning system that consists of patterns of traditions, beliefs, values, meanings, and symbols that are passed on from one generation to the next and are shared to varying degrees by interacting members of a community, (â€Å"Understanding Intercultural Communication,† Chung, Ting-Toomey, 16). And because of this history and geography play an important role in determining why we do, feel, and believe the things we do, and because of this, it impacts the culture that is developed overtime. And when we look at Mexico and the culture it holds, we see this to be true. Mexico is located in North America bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States, (â€Å"Mexico†). It also borders the North Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and the United States, as well, (â€Å"Mexico†). Which makes the national territory more 750,000 square miles, (â€Å"Culture of Mexico†). It makes Mexico slightly less than three times the size of Texas. (â€Å"Mexico†). Due to its large size it has a wide range of environments. These include: high rugged mountains, low coastal plains along with high plateaus and desserts can be found in Mexico, (â€Å"Mexico†). Which leads to natural hazards of tsunamis along the pacific coast, volcanoes and earthquakes in the Central South, and hurricanes occurring along the Pacific Gulf of Mexico and its Caribbean coastal line, (â€Å"Mexico†). Also because of Mexico’s location and size many natural resources can be found, such as:Show MoreRelatedMexic o : Physical Geography : Mexico1556 Words   |  7 PagesMexico Physical Geography: Mexico is a famous country which is located in the southern part of North America. I went to Cancun in spring 2012. It was an amazing trip. I really enjoyed the nature there. Most of Mexico s land is covered by mountains, with only about a third of the land being flat. 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The Holocaust And The Bosnian Genocide - 1784 Words

A genocide is a horrible kind of war. It is a mass killing and torturing of innocent people who do not deserve any of it. There are many stages of genocides, which may or may not go in the same order. The Holocaust, being the largest genocide and a horrible point in history, is similar and different to the Bosnian/Croatian genocide. Although many aspects lead up to these genocides and other similar wars, there are possible measures that could have been taken to prevent all of this. No human should have to endure the pain of a genocide, especially as horrible as the Holocaust, or Croatian/Bosnian war. The Holocaust and the Bosnian genocide both consisted of many stages that led to a variety of horrible events, both similar and different, which could have been prevented if certain actions were taken into consideration. Could anyone imagine a mass killing, or more accurately described, an extermination, of a group of people with the same race or nationality (Dictionary)? This is described as a genocide. Many tragic genocides have taken place in the world. During a genocide, a human is being taken control of, and being killed because he or she does not meet a certain criteria. It is arguably the worst occurrence mankind could partake in. Tim Walz, an American politician, once said, â€Å"You have to understand what caused genocide to happen. Or it will happen again† (â€Å"Tim Walz Quote†). This leads into the idea that there were stages of a genocide, and that it can not simply happenShow MoreRelatedThe Holocaust And The Bosnian Genocide1837 Words   |  8 Pagesterrifying events in earth’s history are the German Holocaust and the Bosnian genocide. Both are similar in the ways they horrified and innocently killed their victims. They massacred based on which religion you belie ved in. We all know that the Jews were victims to the Nazis, but not many know that Muslims were the unlucky recipient of the Bosnian genocide. 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Some genocides occur due to small, invading groups of people, or one dictator in power who dreams of a â€Å"pure† land to rule. Others occur because of a country’s own government and the people in it who wish to change the makeup of their country

Tragedy is mostly seen in characters pure and innocent....

Tragedy is mostly seen in characters pure and innocent. The deaths of those whom are innocent have a blindness to see the deceitfulness in others. Characters die who do not deserve their unfortunate fates. Desdemona is the heart of Iago’s plan and her loyalty to Othello eventually leads to her death bed. Emilia’s husband is the villain she hates, but giving him the one item he needs dooms everyone. Othello falls into Iago’s plan as soon as his fatal flaw of jealousy comes into play. In the tragic play Othello, by William Shakespeare, the innocent characters Desdemona, Emilia, and Othello are lead to their demise because they are manipulated into trusting Iago. Desdemona is loyal and caring, which blinds her from Iago’s manipulation.†¦show more content†¦Ultimately, Iago manipulates Othello and takes advantage of Desdemona’s sweet and pure essence to begin his plan. Coupled with Emilia’s obedience to Iago, his ploy can finally convinc e Othello of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness. Emilia does not agree with her husband, Iago very much, but she does obey him when she has the opportunity to do so. However, Emilia picks up Desdemona’s handkerchief, with no thought, only that it will please her husband, â€Å"what he will do with it /heaven knows, not I; /I nothing but please his fantasy,† (OTH.III.III.297-289). Subsequently, this handkerchief may not have much meaning to Emilia at this moment, but once she finally discovers the truth about her husband, she immediately accuses her husband of being a villain, and dies by his hands. Correspondingly, Emilia is also loyal to her husband, to such an extent as to lie to Desdemona about where her handkerchief has gone. As Desdemona worryingly searches for her handkerchief, Emilia denies knowing where she could have lost it, and suggests a different reason for Othello’s uneasiness, â€Å"I know no madam†¦ /Is he not jealous?† (OTH.III.IV.14, 20). 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The Evolution Of Democracy Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Evolution Of Democracy Essay, Research Paper Claire Munger The Evolution of Democracy Democracy is more a Utopian aspiration instead than a concrete description of any authorities. A common apprehension of democracy, frequently applied to unworthy state of affairss, is merely that the multitudes will regulate themselves. This apprehension was articulated by an Athenian solon, Pericles, # 8220 ; Our Fundamental law is named a democracy, because it is in the custodies non of the few, but of the many # 8221 ; ( Cummings A ; Wise, 1971, p.20 ) . This thought of democracy was extended through all of the statements and testaments since its first acknowledgment in Greece. A realistic and come-at-able position of democracy has more to make with brotherhood than political relations. Once the realisation that societal issues can non be kept from authorities, so a full apprehension of the intent and executing of authorities will take topographic point. # 8220 ; A democratic society was one in which the mass of the people played an active function instead than a inactive func tion, and in which the old traditions of respect and subordination had been replaced by a sense of equality among the people # 8211 ; the feeling that one adult male, or even one individual, is every bit good as another, or at least has an equal right to be respected and listened to # 8221 ; ( Arblaster, 1994, p. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution Of Democracy Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 42 ) Democracy was in its purest signifier during its early phase O f evolution in ancient Greece. Athens is a select example and â€Å"the most stable long-lived, and important culturally the most brilliant and creative of all the city-states†(Arblaster, 1994, p.14). Athens, however, did not believe all citizens to be equal. The inherent flaw within this original democracy is the exemption of citizenship to women and slaves. Only men who were born and lived in a city-state could be citizens. The idea of â€Å"self-governing†(Arblaster, 1994, p.14) was right in theory, but in actuality it was interpreted to exclude more than half of the population on basis of citizenship. Athens was a direct democracy. After much reformation all free men were allowed to participate in the assembly, a lawmaking body. These men participated in different positions through what is understood to be a lottery. â€Å"The essence of it was the direct personal participation of the citizen body in the government of the city†(Arblaster, 1994, p.17). Altho ugh popular sovereignty came forth in England in the 1640’s, it was evident in ancient Greece. The government was run by a perpetual governance of the people and never halted to delegate responsibility. The fact that Athenian government was not coordinated through representatives but through the people themselves was the key point to Athens’ uniqueness. This was in part because the population was so limited. Any later att

Positive Accounting Theory Model of Human Behavior

Question: Describe about the Positive Accounting Theory for Model of Human Behavior. Answer: Introduction to the Article The article is an attempt by author Paul V Dunmore to highlight how the attempt by Watts and Zimmerman to stake a claim on Positive Accounting Theory is half an attempt. The paper in details considers the positive accounting approach in a broader sense. It helps in developing explanations of human behavior in the field of accounting. The field of positive accounting theory intends to predict the real world events and then equate them in the form of accounting transactions. The overall intention of this theory is to predict the policies which an organization should adapt considering the events the organization which it might face. The aim established by the critique here is to figure out in what other capacity positive accounting research can be used in other research field. Summary The term Positive accounting theory has been virtually undertaken by Watts and Zimmerman. They have written three different papers in this field under different years. However the author of the paper wants to highlight that concept of theory is much broader than what the three papers speaks of. Watts and Zimmerman has conceptualized that accounting policies are adopted by organizations in conjunction with the self-interest of the parties which get into such contracts. This can comprise not only the accounting decisions taken by the manager, but also the reporting methods and pricing strategies adopted by the auditors of the company. However difference or the limited range offered by Watts and Zimmerman has been criticized by the author of the paper (Zimmerman, 1989). As started earlier concept of theory is much broader than what than what the papers written by them talks about (Baboukardos, 2016). The human force which works in the field acts rationally and not only sort the methods as suggested under Positive Accounting Theory. The author highlights how, Fukuyamas model of human behavior stands correct in the field of accounting too. As per the model rational human beings take correct behavior oriented decisions around 80% of the time. The author of the paper stand corrected and states that the quantitative (80%) is not defensible. However the number is still strongly representative of the fact that human behavior is rational most of the times. Some of the things which the author of the article highlights using rational behavior approach are: Managers have effectively used discretion in performance appraisal of the people Employees have used different ways in presenting information so that all stakeholders can absorb it Managers also tend to stick to their decisions even if the accounting information system shows that there has been a mistake in the same These examples do not form a part of exhaustive list, however the positive research program is not limited by this approaches towards Positive Accounting Theory. The author also talks about relations of positive research theory and its implications on the hypothesis testing. Positive research generally limits the data that are supportive of the alternate hypothesis. In hypothesis testing, since the research is conducted by an individual who has his/her own biases. This is the reason with positive research approach there are chances that data related to alternate hypothesis is minimized. This is the reason when positive research approach are used one should suspect the result which has been established. In some kind of research where the problem keeps changing from one time frame to other, this fact does not matter. Since the results dont have any particular framework to deal with, the researcher will not be able to establish any bias using positive accounting approach. This is how th e author of the paper is critical on the positive research approach. However on the flip side author also highlights that the positive accounting approach contributes a lot to the overall scientific endeavor. The positive accounting research approach helps a lot in understanding the human behavior and how the whole theory settles across the paradigm of accounting. The author is critical of the inferential problems that occur due to positive accounting research and what is to be done to correct the anomaly. The positive accounting approach should itself be so positive that it identifies the gap which exist in the process and evolves over a period. The approach has not evolved and there has been no changes in way it was perceived once it came into the system. The author in this paper also tries to illustrate how the process can be more effective and that is where the title of the paper also justifies what it intends to say (Baboukardos, 2016). The paper also talks about what is the requirement of a successful research program. This is the final part of the paper which talks about all aspects of the research program and what are the possible ways to make it successful. The first demand that the author raise to fully utilize the positive research theory is the proper usage of theoretical models. One need to take a lot more out from the theoretical model and then use the Popperian approach in the positive accounting theory model. The researcher who does this must have a huge expectation of failure and then the same must be used to improve the whole area of study. The author of the paper also talks about how one should insure that proper mathematical testing is done for any such theoretical model. The second thing which the author suggest is the use of analytical modelling to test the final proof of concept. It is a well-known assumption that in the world of accounting, the people who build the model and the one who provides t he data to test the assumption are the same person. This is the reason why in case of analytical model people tend to be different and hence establishing the proof of concept is considered to be easier. The third point which the author wants to highlight is the fact that the focus should be on proper measurement and not on the testing only. If the data that comes out of the system is properly measured, the model can be verified meaningfully. This is the reason the stress should be on proper mode of measurement and not on testing only. The final point which the author talks about is that of replication. If there is any error in the final outcome, one should keep on replicating the inputs and again perform step 3 of proper measurement. If one keeps replicating they will be able to visualize how at times sampling error can lead to problems. Research Questions The Article raises few research questions. As per analysis the research questions raised in the article are: Can the positive accounting approach be applied to different fields? Is the positive accounting approach limited to the idea shared in three papers by Watts and Zimmerman? How different positive accounting approach is to the positive research approach? What are the advantages of using positive accounting approach in any particular corm of research? What is the limitations of the positive accounting approach when adopted in hypothesis based research? How can one efficiently improve upon the limitations of the positive accounting research when doing any hypothesis based research? Theoretical Framework The article draws a lot of information from the existing literature in the field. However the article does not limit itself on the literature, it creates a situation under which the alternate approach are also evaluated. Positive accounting research is a big research area and the author also tries to link it with the overall positive research theory. The paper creates a framework by first evaluating the existing literature and then highlighting his concerns. Once the concerns and the context of such concerns are established the author tries to highlight with example what can be a better approach in handling the whole field of positive research. In one case the author even explains how the positive accounting theory should evolve as physics and keeps changing every time a new fault is identified. Significance and Limitations of the Article The article is very significant as it shows that one should limit the positive accounting research approach just by what was written by Watts and Zimmerman. The articles tries to carry forward the approach in all the fields and justifies that the scope of the positive accounting theory should not be limited to one field (Baboukardos, 2016). The approach is very well built and due to rational behavior of human species the approach is applied across all form of research. The paper also highlights critical shortcomings of the whole system around which the positive accounting theory is designed. One cannot do hypothesis based research with a bias and then expect fare results from the same. The positive accounting approach bias can led to false outcome of the whole research process. The article is limited to the fact they dont discuss any critical approaches adopted historically on the positive accounting approach. It has been seen historically that teams have been very critical of the approach too and have adopted normative approach (Baboukardos, 2016). Too much of discretion on human behavior can also lead to chaos in the whole system. This is where the papers fails to evaluate the other approach and check the kind of findings the normative approach brings on the table. The whole paper would have been more complete in the sense if the normative approach and the supportive literature against it are also discussed objectively. Conclusion The article is well established and the presumption that Positive Accounting Theory can hold ground in more situations. However the applicants of the theory must be cautious when they are using it in carrying out an extensive kind of research. The author has thoroughly critiqued the theory of Positive accounting and its application areas. However the author has not compared the same with the Normative theory and that is one of the prime reason why paper fall shorts in achieving its objective. The author is critical of the inferential problems that occur due to positive accounting research and what is to be done to correct the anomaly. The positive accounting approach should itself be so positive that it identifies the gap which exist in the process and evolves over a period. The paper also talks about what is the requirement of a successful research program. This is the final part of the paper which talks about all aspects of the research program and what are the possible ways to mak e it successful. References Baboukardos, D., Rimmel, G. (2016). Positive Accounting Theory Ball, R. (2013). Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), 847-853 Bonin, H. (2013).Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media Christensen, H. B., Nikolaev, V. V., Wittenberg?Moerman, R. (2016). Accounting information in financial contracting: The incomplete contract theory perspective.Journal of Accounting Research,54(2), 397-435 Glover, J. (2014). Have Academic Accountants and Financial Accounting Standard Setters Traded Places?.Accounting, Economics and Law Account. Econ. Law,4(1), 17-26 Watts, R. L., Zimmerman, J. L. (1986). Positive accounting theory Watts, R. L., Zimmerman, J. L. (1990). Positive accounting theory: a ten year perspective.Accounting review, 131-156